The theory of multiple intelligences of H. Gardner

INTELLIGENCE FOR ALL.

By: JACQUELINNE CRISTINA RIVERA OCHOA. CC MAE.

Introducción.	Introduction.
La teoría de Las inteligencias múltiples de Gardner, nos permite conocer el potencial del cerebro humano, y las distintas inteligencias que pueden estar presentes en nosotros en determinados momentos de nuestra vida.	The theory of multiple intelligences Gardner reveals the potential of the human brain and the different intelligences that may be present in us at certain times in our lives.
Abstract.	Abstract.
Este texto hace una aproximación a la teoría de las inteligencias múltiples de Gardner, analiza las siete inteligencias iniciales y las que se encuentran en proceso de incorporación, incluye una relación  de las inteligencias y algunos trabajos posibles para quien las desarrolle, se incluye la importancia que tiene para la educación esta teoría y como su aplicación podría mejorar la educación en todos los niveles existentes.	This text serves as an approximation to the theory of multiple intelligences Gardner analyzes the initial and the seven intelligences that are in the process of incorporation, includes a list of intelligence and some possible jobs for anyone who develops, it includes the importance education has this theory and its implementation could improve education at all existing levels.

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Howard Gardner viewed intelligence as 'the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting' (Gardner & Hatch, 1989). He reviewed the literature using eight criteria or 'signs' of an intelligence.	This  definition of intelligence is totally different the classic definition but  is more extensive and inclusive, is very interesting, Gardner uses the intelligence and how to solve everyday problems, I consider it the most successful theory that I know about intelligence. Escuchar Leer fonéticamente I know much people are intelligent for this perspective, for example, the baker, teacher, dancer etc. I think about all people intelligent but different; know a Gardner affirm my personal opinion.
In the heyday of the psychometric and behaviorist eras, it was generally believed that intelligence was a single entity that was inherited; and that human beings - initially a blank slate - could be trained to learn anything, provided that it was presented in an appropriate way.	In my personal experience believe the intelligence is no more the forms of resolution a trouble, Gardner sees the difference’s and decide make studies for the explication this phenomen.

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Nowadays an increasing number of researchers believe precisely the opposite; that there exists a multitude of intelligences, quite independent of each other; that each intelligence has its own strengths and constraints; that the mind is far from unencumbered at birth; and that it is unexpectedly difficult to teach things that go against early 'naive' theories of that challenge the natural lines of force within an intelligence and its matching domains. (Gardner 1993)	Contrary to behaviorism psychometrics and intelligence not only can be measured or observed, speaks of that can develop in multiple ways, so we have different types or levels of intelligence.   To develop this theory we should not let outside factors such as culture, social and economic environment, teaching-learning processes, etc.
One of the main impetuses for this movement has been Howard Gardner's work. He has been, in Smith and Smith's (1994) terms, a paradigm shifter. Howard Gardner has questioned the idea that intelligence is a single entity, that it results from a single factor, and that it can be measured simply via IQ tests.	Gardner changes the paradigm of intelligence to rule out the use of standardized tests to measure intelligence.  I agree because in our country are using tests that are not adapted to our culture and why people are classified as poor, because they are not the appropriate test to our academic and cultural level.

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The intelligent test…

The test will serve only as a reference on some sort of intelligence of that person, it is common that only used for logical mathematical intelligence and verbal skills for psychology currently only assessment tools that indicate how the person is the areas you mentioned, such as test Raven's Progressive Matrices, dominos test 48, etc. As psychology this theory helps to understand the learning problems of human beings, it allows us to take a broader view of the phenomenon of learning. Example Raven test.

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He has also challenged the cognitive development work of Piaget.  Bringing forward evidence to show that at any one time a child may be at very different stages for example, in number development and spatial/visual maturation, Howard Gardner has successfully undermined the idea that knowledge at any one particular developmental stage hangs together in a structured whole.

Piaget assumes consider intelligence as an adaptation process that constantly checks between the individual and socio-cultural sphere, this dialectical process involves two simultaneous and inseparable moments:     1. The transformation of the environment by the action of the subject individual's attempt to permanently change the environment to assimilate to their own needs is what Piaget called assimilation.     2. The ongoing transformation of the subject, from environmental requirements. Each new stimulus from the environment or the organism itself implies a modification of existing mindsets, in order to accommodate the new situation. This is what Piaget called accommodation. Gardner is not required to be in a stage to learn something specific. Escuchar Leer fonéticamente

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Howard Gardner on multiple intelligences - the initial listing Howard Gardner initially formulated a list of seven intelligences. His listing was provisional. The first two have been typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the arts; and the final two are what Howard Gardner called 'personal intelligences' (Gardner 1999)
Gardner intelligences so classified 1.   Linguistic intelligence. 2.   Logical-mathematical intelligence. 3.   Musical intelligence. 4.   Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.	Gardner's research was not limited to a group of human intelligence more extensive than was assumed but generated a renewed pragmatic definition of the concept of intelligence. Instead of considering the "superiority" human in terms of scores on a standardized scale (drops the IQ test) Gardner defines intelligence as: • The ability to solve everyday problems. • The ability to generate new problems to solve.

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5.   Spatial intelligence. 6.   Interpersonal intelligence. 7.   Intrapersonal intelligence. Were initially identified seven intelligences that Gardner now has spread to ten classifications of intelligence, add the following. 8.   Naturalist Intelligence 9.   Spiritual/Existential intelligence. 10. Moral intelligence.

·      The ability to create products or provide valuable services within their own cultural sphere. This theory is more inclusive because not only domains evaluated numerically or high-volume academic meaningless to the student, taking into account the above we can understand why some people do not need much knowledge to make fortunes, but just as creative skills can provide the means economical to live, there are people fixing cars or computers have enough to live well and most importantly enjoy what they do.

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Linguistic intelligence: Involves sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals. This intelligence includes the ability to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically; and language as a means to remember information. Writers, poets, lawyers and speakers are among those that Howard Gardner sees as having high linguistic

This intelligence with this investigation is set to work on me, at first it was difficult because I did not understand much theory and even more complicated by being in another language, to begin to develop the faculty of language I could understand the theory and this work is a sample it, I realized that also possess this linguistic intelligence. The writers have the intelligence to see their work as we do know places or sensations through his books, just as happens with poets and people who have a great ability to relate specific events experienced by themselves or others.

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Logical-mathematical intelligence consists of the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. In Howard Gardner's words, it entails the ability to detect patterns, reason deductively and think logically. This intelligence is most often associated with scientific and mathematical thinking.

logical mathematical intelligence: Can see in the market women, as well as scientists who study physics, mathematics, chemistry, showing that ability to work with numbers are placed with a high intelligence at this level, also note that although there is little ability language in some cases have no difficulty in understanding situations numerical example would be a rapid adaptation to market was the process of dollarization.

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Musical intelligence involves skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns. It encompasses the capacity to recognize and compose musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. According to Howard Gardner musical intelligence runs in an almost structural parallel to linguistic intelligence.

Musical intelligence:   Learning is facilitated when we encourage children to music or musical beats to make some sort of movement with your body, we must not ignore also the people who have great skills in playing a musical instrument, reading music scales and make a musical composition. Currently there are few popular artists who have some type of formal education but thanks to these musical intelligence skills are recognized throughout the world.

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Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Entails the potential of using one's whole body or parts of the body to solve problems. It is the ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements. Howard Gardner sees mental and physical activity as related.	Bodily kinestesic intelligence:  This type of intelligence is related to the athletes because they have a corporal control and motor skills in some special cases we could speak of the soccer players, tennis players worldwide who have excelled with this intelligence.     Activities that could easily develop a person with this intelligence would be: Rhythmic dance. Athletics. Handcrafts.

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Spatial intelligence:  Involves the potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas.

Spatial intelligence : Provides the ability to think in three dimensions, As do the sailors, pilots, sculptors, painters and architects.  Allows the individual to perceive external and internal images, recreate, transform or modify them through the space or cause the objects flown and produce or decode graphic information. For visual-spatial intelligence their students learn best through visual aids and drawing. Some of the characteristics of these students include: Good drawing Enjoys photography Good with the directions Enjoys picture books Can visualize pictures in head

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Interpersonal intelligence:  Is concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It allows people to work effectively with others. Educators, salespeople, religious and political leaders and counselors all need a well-developed interpersonal intelligence.

Interpersonal intelligence.   Is concerned with the capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It allows people to work effectively with others. People with interpersonal intelligence are good with people and thrive in social interactions, characteristic     * reading, empathize and understanding others,     * working with others and have many friends. They typically learn best by working with others and often enjoy discussion and debate. In theory, people who have a high interpersonal intelligence tend to be extroverts, characterized by their sensitivity to others' moods, feelings, temperaments and motivations.

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Intrapersonal intelligence Entails the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations. In Howard Gardner's view it involves having an effective working model of ourselves, and to be able to use such information to regulate our lives.

The Intrapersonal intelligence. This intelligence allows us to concentrate on our tasks of interest, also allows us to enter the world of meditation and encounter with ourselves helps us to understand our feelings, ideas, motivations, etc. I would call the examiner of consciousness. Some students learn best when they are able to focus on themselves. Some of the characteristics of these students include: Enjoys writing journaling Independent Perfectionist Likes to work alone Some career choices that correlate with this specific intelligence include: Writer Psychologist Philosopher Self-Employment.

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The naturalist intelligence: Is to observe patterns in nature, identify and classify objects and to understand natural systems and those created by man. The Naturalist intelligence enables human beings to recognize, categorize and draw upon certain features of the environment. It combines a description of the core ability with a characterization of the role that many cultures value.

The Naturalist intelligence: For some students is necessary learn best by understanding their surroundings. Some of the characteristics of these students include: Enjoys pets Enjoys camping, hiking, being part of nature Eco-Friendly Appreciates naturals scenario Loves the outdoors Some career choices that correlate with this specific intelligence include: Farmer Scientist Zoo Keeper Marine Biologist Veterinarians

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Are there additional intelligences?  Since Howard Gardner's original listing of the intelligences in Frames of Mind (1983) there has been a great deal of discussion as to other possible candidates for inclusion (or candidates for exclusion). Subsequent research and reflection by Howard Gardner and his colleagues has looked to three particular possibilities: a naturalist intelligence, a spiritual intelligence and an existential intelligence. He has concluded that the first of these 'merits addition to the list of the original seven intelligences' (Gardner 1999: 52).The case for inclusion of naturalist intelligence appears pretty straightforward; the position with regard to spiritual intelligence is far more complex. According to Howard Gardner (1999: 59) there are problems, for example, around the 'content' of spiritual intelligence, its privileged but unsubstantiated claims with regard to truth value, 'and the need for it to be partially identified through its effect on other people'.

Initially the list of intelligence not include the naturalist intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and moral intelligence, because Gardner considerate the unite. He conclude the intelligences maybe include because the human need this intelligence for a integrity person, but have a reflexing about these intelligences, the spiritual intelligence is complex, but necessary for the human because complement Initially the list intelligence don’t have the naturalist intelligence, spiritual intelligence,  moral intelligence. considered include them because they are important parts for the integral human development, it appears as though spiritual intelligence complex defined as the relation of man to a higher being and acceptance and understanding of these values​​.

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In Frames of Mind Howard Gardner treated the personal intelligences 'as a piece'. Because of their close association in most cultures, they are often linked together. However, he still argues that it makes sense to think of two forms of personal intelligence. Gardner claimed that the seven intelligences rarely operate independently. They are used at the same time and tend to complement each other as people develop skills or solve problems.

For Gardner's intelligences do not work independently, interact with them and can change and show some more than others, at some point dominate over each other. Any of the intelligences can be present to resolve any problems identified, these will be present taking into account factors of personality, social, economic etc. For example: A person can be an excellent athlete and play guitar very well, has two types of intelligence to perform these activities. Some people are skilled in understanding the physical formulas and numerical problems, and as teachers have a great ability to articulate their knowledge to students. There also people who develop other intelligences for the work they do, a person operating industrial machinery needs kinesthetic intelligence and spatial intelligence to operate the machines in charge.

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In essence Howard Gardner argued that he was making two essential claims about multiple intelligences: The theory is an account of human cognition in its fullness. The intelligences provided 'a new definition of human nature, cognitively speaking' Human beings are organisms who possess a basic set of intelligences. (Gardner 1999)

Gardner for a human being has the ability to develop all the intelligences he has seen, but this is linked to the process of learning and individual peculiarities of each. This theory now discarded the idea typical of intelligence, designed only to numerical or volume level academic because as mentioned all have the ability to develop these intelligences, but makes clear that although they are related and operate together their development depends on the activity to which the person shows more inclination and identification. therefore at a time may develop more kinetic intelligence, then you may have intrapersonal intelligence, while the naturalist intelligence, and this is due to his chosen profession could speak of a person who studies biology and has a group environmentalists who campaign in relation to the environment.

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The appeal of multiple intelligences to educators Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences has not been readily accepted within academic psychology. However, it has met with a strongly positive response from many educators. It has been embraced by a range of educational theorists and, significantly, applied by teachers and policymakers to the problems of schooling. A number of schools in North America have looked to structure curricula according to the intelligences, and to design classrooms and even whole schools to reflect the understandings that Howard Gardner develops. The theory can also be found in use within pre-school, higher, vocational and adult education initiatives. This appeal was not, at first, obvious.

American education has included the theory of garnder to modify their teaching, with this attempt to adapt education to the child and not traditionally been done to educate without taking into account these aspects in our country are very few schools use part of this educational system, because education just is devoted to filling knowledge to students and does not take into account the particularities of each in the process. psychologists consider important as this theory because it allows us to better inform people when choosing a career as intelligences present in each of us back at work to develop better tools to decide what to do differently is when we something that is not related to our present attitudes or understandings. use proper personal theory and the different types of evaluation that provides the basis for providing vocational guidance.