INTELLIGENCE FOR ALL.
By: JACQUELINNE CRISTINA RIVERA OCHOA. CC MAE.
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Introducción.
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Introduction.
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La
teorÃa de Las inteligencias múltiples de Gardner, nos permite conocer el
potencial del cerebro humano, y las distintas inteligencias que pueden estar
presentes en nosotros en determinados momentos de nuestra vida.
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The theory of multiple
intelligences Gardner reveals the potential of the
human brain and the different intelligences
that may be present in us at certain
times in our lives.
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Abstract.
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Abstract.
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Este
texto hace una aproximación a la teorÃa de las inteligencias múltiples de
Gardner, analiza las siete inteligencias iniciales y las que se encuentran en
proceso de incorporación, incluye una relación de las inteligencias y algunos trabajos posibles
para quien las desarrolle, se incluye la importancia que tiene para la
educación esta teorÃa y como su aplicación podrÃa mejorar la educación en
todos los niveles existentes.
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This text serves as an approximation
to the theory of multiple intelligences Gardner analyzes the initial and
the seven intelligences
that are in the process of incorporation, includes a list of intelligence
and some possible jobs for anyone who develops, it includes the
importance education has this theory and
its implementation could improve education at all existing levels.
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Howard Gardner viewed intelligence as 'the capacity to solve problems
or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural setting' (Gardner
& Hatch, 1989). He reviewed the literature using eight criteria or
'signs' of an intelligence.
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This
definition of intelligence is totally different the classic definition
but is more extensive and inclusive,
is very interesting,
Gardner uses the intelligence and how to solve everyday problems, I
consider it the most successful theory that I know about intelligence.
I know much people are intelligent for this
perspective, for example, the baker, teacher, dancer etc.
I think about all people intelligent but
different; know a Gardner affirm my personal opinion.
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In the heyday of the psychometric and behaviorist eras, it was
generally believed that intelligence was a single entity that was inherited;
and that human beings - initially a blank slate - could be trained to learn
anything, provided that it was presented in an appropriate way.
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In my personal experience believe
the intelligence is no more the forms of resolution a trouble, Gardner sees
the difference’s and decide make studies for the explication this phenomen.
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Nowadays an increasing number of researchers believe precisely the
opposite; that there exists a multitude of intelligences, quite independent
of each other; that each intelligence has its own strengths and constraints;
that the mind is far from unencumbered at birth; and that it is unexpectedly
difficult to teach things that go against early 'naive' theories of that
challenge the natural lines of force within an intelligence and its matching
domains. (Gardner 1993)
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Contrary to behaviorism
psychometrics and intelligence not only
can be measured or observed,
speaks of that can
develop in multiple ways,
so we have different
types or levels
of intelligence.
To develop this theory we should not
let outside factors
such as culture, social and economic
environment, teaching-learning processes, etc.
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One of the main impetuses for this movement has been Howard Gardner's
work. He has been, in Smith and Smith's (1994) terms, a paradigm shifter.
Howard Gardner has questioned the idea that intelligence is a single entity,
that it results from a single factor, and that it can be measured simply via
IQ tests.
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Gardner changes the paradigm
of intelligence to rule out the use
of standardized tests to measure
intelligence.
I agree because in our
country are using
tests that are not adapted to our culture
and why people are classified as poor,
because they are not the appropriate test to
our academic and
cultural level.
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The intelligent test…
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The test will serve only as a reference on
some sort of
intelligence of that person, it is common that only
used for logical mathematical intelligence and verbal skills for psychology currently only assessment tools that indicate how the person
is the areas
you mentioned, such
as test Raven's
Progressive Matrices, dominos test
48, etc.
As psychology
this theory helps
to understand the learning problems of human beings, it allows us to take a broader view
of the phenomenon of learning.
Example Raven test.
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He has also challenged the cognitive
development work of Piaget. Bringing forward evidence to show that at
any one time a child may be at very different stages for example, in number
development and spatial/visual maturation, Howard Gardner has successfully
undermined the idea that knowledge at any one particular developmental stage
hangs together in a structured whole.
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Piaget assumes consider intelligence as an adaptation process that
constantly checks between the individual and socio-cultural sphere, this
dialectical process involves two simultaneous and inseparable moments:
1. The transformation of the environment by the action of the subject individual's attempt to permanently change the environment to assimilate to their own needs is what Piaget called assimilation. 2. The ongoing transformation of the subject, from environmental requirements. Each new stimulus from the environment or the organism itself implies a modification of existing mindsets, in order to accommodate the new situation. This is what Piaget called accommodation.
Gardner is not required to be in
a stage to learn
something specific.
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Howard Gardner on
multiple intelligences - the initial listing
Howard Gardner initially formulated a list
of seven intelligences. His listing was provisional. The first two have been
typically valued in schools; the next three are usually associated with the
arts; and the final two are what Howard Gardner called 'personal
intelligences'
(Gardner 1999)
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Gardner intelligences so classified
1.
Linguistic
intelligence.
2.
Logical-mathematical
intelligence.
3.
Musical
intelligence.
4.
Bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence.
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Gardner's research was not limited to a group of human intelligence more extensive than was
assumed but generated
a renewed pragmatic
definition of the concept of
intelligence.
Instead of considering the "superiority" human in terms of scores on a standardized scale (drops the IQ test) Gardner defines intelligence as: • The ability to solve everyday problems. • The ability to generate new problems to solve. |
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5.
Spatial
intelligence.
6.
Interpersonal
intelligence.
7.
Intrapersonal
intelligence.
Were initially identified seven
intelligences that Gardner now has
spread to ten classifications of intelligence, add the following.
8.
Naturalist
Intelligence
9.
Spiritual/Existential intelligence.
10. Moral intelligence.
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· The ability to create products or provide valuable
services within their own
cultural sphere.
This theory is more inclusive because not
only domains evaluated
numerically or high-volume academic meaningless to
the student, taking into account the above we can understand why
some people do not need much knowledge to
make fortunes, but just as creative
skills can provide
the means economical to live, there are people fixing cars or computers
have enough to live well and most importantly
enjoy what they do.
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Linguistic intelligence:
Involves sensitivity to spoken
and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use
language to accomplish certain goals. This intelligence includes the ability
to effectively use language to express oneself rhetorically or poetically;
and language as a means to remember information. Writers, poets, lawyers and
speakers are among those that Howard Gardner sees as having high linguistic
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 This
intelligence with this investigation is
set to work on me,
at first it was difficult because I
did not understand much theory
and even more
complicated by being
in another language, to begin to develop the faculty
of language I
could understand the theory
and this work is a sample it, I realized that also possess
this linguistic intelligence.
The writers have the intelligence to
see their work as we do know places or sensations
through his books,
just as happens with poets and people
who have a great ability to relate specific
events experienced by themselves or others.
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Logical-mathematical intelligence consists of the capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out
mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. In Howard
Gardner's words, it entails the ability to detect patterns, reason
deductively and think logically. This intelligence is most often associated
with scientific and mathematical thinking.
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logical mathematical intelligence:
Can see in
the market women, as well
as scientists who
study physics, mathematics,
chemistry, showing that ability to work
with numbers are placed with a high
intelligence at this level, also
note that although
there is little ability language in some cases
have no difficulty in understanding situations numerical example would
be a rapid adaptation to market was the process of dollarization.
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Musical intelligence involves skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of
musical patterns. It encompasses the capacity to recognize and compose
musical pitches, tones, and rhythms. According to Howard Gardner musical
intelligence runs in an almost structural parallel to linguistic
intelligence.
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Musical intelligence:
Learning is facilitated when
we encourage children to music or musical beats to
make some sort of movement with your
body, we must not ignore also the
people who have great skills in playing
a musical instrument, reading music
scales and make
a musical composition.
Currently there are few popular artists who
have some type
of formal education but thanks to these musical intelligence skills are recognized throughout the world.
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Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Entails the potential of using one's whole
body or parts of the body to solve problems. It is the ability to use mental
abilities to coordinate bodily movements. Howard Gardner sees mental and
physical activity as related.
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Bodily kinestesic
intelligence:
This type of intelligence is related to the
athletes because they have a corporal control and motor skills in some
special cases we could speak of the soccer players, tennis players worldwide
who have excelled with this intelligence.
Activities that could easily
develop a person with this intelligence would
be:
Rhythmic dance.
Athletics.
Handcrafts.
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Spatial intelligence:
Involves the potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space
and more confined areas.
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Spatial intelligence :
Provides the ability
to think in three dimensions, As do
the sailors, pilots,
sculptors, painters and architects.
Allows the individual to perceive external and internal images, recreate,
transform or modify
them through the space or
cause the objects
flown and produce
or decode graphic
information.
For visual-spatial intelligence
their students learn best through visual aids and drawing.
Some of the characteristics of
these students include:
Good drawing
Enjoys photography
Good with the directions
Enjoys picture books
Can visualize pictures in head
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Interpersonal intelligence:
Is concerned with the capacity to understand
the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It allows people to
work effectively with others. Educators, salespeople, religious and political
leaders and counselors all need a well-developed interpersonal intelligence.
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Interpersonal intelligence.
Is concerned with the capacity
to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. It
allows people to work effectively with others.
People with interpersonal
intelligence are good with people and thrive in social interactions,
characteristic
* reading, empathize and understanding
others,
* working with others and have many
friends.
They typically learn best by
working with others and often enjoy discussion and debate.
In theory, people who have a
high interpersonal intelligence tend to be extroverts, characterized by their
sensitivity to others' moods, feelings, temperaments and motivations.
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Intrapersonal intelligence
Entails the capacity to understand oneself,
to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations. In Howard Gardner's view
it involves having an effective working model of ourselves, and to be able to
use such information to regulate our lives.
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The Intrapersonal intelligence.
This intelligence allows us to concentrate on our tasks
of interest, also
allows us to enter the world of meditation
and encounter with
ourselves helps us to understand our feelings, ideas,
motivations, etc. I would call the examiner of
consciousness.
Some students learn best when
they are able to focus on themselves.
Some of the characteristics of
these students include:
Enjoys writing journaling
Independent
Perfectionist
Likes to work alone
Some career choices that
correlate with this specific intelligence include:
Writer
Psychologist
Philosopher
Self-Employment.
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The naturalist intelligence:
Is to observe
patterns in nature, identify and classify objects and to understand natural
systems and those created by man.
The
Naturalist intelligence enables human beings to recognize, categorize and
draw upon certain features of the environment. It combines a description of
the core ability with a characterization of the role that many cultures
value.
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The Naturalist intelligence:
For some students is necessary
learn best by understanding their surroundings.
Some of the characteristics of
these students include:
Enjoys pets
Enjoys camping, hiking, being
part of nature
Eco-Friendly
Appreciates naturals scenario
Loves the outdoors
Some career choices that
correlate with this specific intelligence include:
Farmer
Scientist
Zoo Keeper
Marine Biologist
Veterinarians
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Are there
additional intelligences? Since Howard
Gardner's original listing of the intelligences in Frames of Mind (1983)
there has been a great deal of discussion as to other possible candidates for
inclusion (or candidates for exclusion). Subsequent research and reflection by
Howard Gardner and his colleagues has looked to three particular
possibilities: a naturalist intelligence, a spiritual intelligence and an
existential intelligence. He has concluded that the first of these 'merits
addition to the list of the original seven intelligences' (Gardner 1999: 52).The
case for inclusion of naturalist intelligence appears pretty straightforward;
the position with regard to spiritual intelligence is far more
complex. According to Howard Gardner (1999: 59) there are problems, for example,
around the 'content' of spiritual intelligence, its privileged but
unsubstantiated claims with regard to truth value, 'and the need for it to be
partially identified through its effect on other people'.
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Initially the list of
intelligence not include the naturalist intelligence, spiritual intelligence,
and moral intelligence, because Gardner considerate the unite.
He conclude the intelligences
maybe include because the human need this intelligence for a integrity
person, but have a reflexing about these intelligences, the spiritual
intelligence is complex, but necessary for the human because complement
Initially the list intelligence
don’t have the naturalist intelligence, spiritual intelligence, moral intelligence.
considered include them because
they are important parts for the integral human
development, it appears as
though spiritual intelligence complex defined as the
relation of man to a higher being and
acceptance and understanding
of these values​​.
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In Frames of Mind Howard Gardner
treated the personal intelligences 'as a piece'. Because of their close
association in most cultures, they are often linked together.
However, he still argues that it makes
sense to think of two forms of personal intelligence. Gardner claimed that
the seven intelligences rarely operate independently. They are used at the
same time and tend to complement each other as people develop skills or solve
problems.
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For Gardner's intelligences
do not work independently,
interact with them and can change
and show some more
than others, at some point dominate over
each other.
Any of the intelligences
can be present
to resolve any problems
identified, these will be present taking into account factors
of personality, social, economic etc.
For example:
A person can be an
excellent athlete and play
guitar very well, has two types of intelligence
to perform these activities.
Some people are skilled in understanding the physical formulas and numerical problems, and as teachers have a great ability to articulate their knowledge to students.
There also people who
develop other intelligences
for the work they
do, a person
operating industrial machinery
needs kinesthetic intelligence and spatial intelligence
to operate the
machines in charge.
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In essence Howard Gardner argued that he was
making two essential claims about multiple intelligences:
The theory is an account of human cognition in
its fullness. The intelligences provided 'a new definition of human nature,
cognitively speaking'
Human beings are organisms who possess a basic
set of intelligences.
(Gardner 1999)
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Gardner for a human being has the ability to develop all the
intelligences he has seen, but this is
linked to the
process of learning and individual peculiarities of each.
This theory now discarded the idea typical
of intelligence, designed only to numerical
or volume level
academic because as mentioned all have
the ability to develop
these intelligences, but makes clear
that although they are related
and operate together
their development depends on the activity to which the person
shows more inclination
and identification. therefore at a time may develop more kinetic
intelligence, then you may have intrapersonal
intelligence, while the naturalist intelligence, and this is due to
his chosen profession could speak
of a person
who studies biology
and has a group environmentalists who campaign in relation to the
environment.
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The appeal of multiple intelligences to educators
Howard Gardner's theory of
multiple intelligences has not been readily accepted within academic
psychology. However, it has met with a strongly positive response from many
educators. It has been embraced by a range of educational theorists and,
significantly, applied by teachers and policymakers to the problems of
schooling. A number of schools in North America have looked to structure
curricula according to the intelligences, and to design classrooms and even
whole schools to reflect the understandings that Howard Gardner develops. The
theory can also be found in use within pre-school, higher, vocational and
adult education initiatives.
This appeal was not, at first,
obvious.
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American education has
included the theory
of garnder to
modify their teaching, with this attempt
to adapt education to the child and not
traditionally been done to educate
without taking into account these aspects in our country
are very few
schools use part of this educational system, because education just
is devoted to filling
knowledge to students and does not take into account the particularities of each in the process.
psychologists
consider important as this theory
because it allows us to better inform people when choosing a
career as intelligences
present in each of us back at work
to develop better
tools to decide
what to do differently
is when we something
that is not
related to our
present attitudes or understandings. use proper personal theory and
the different types of evaluation
that provides the
basis for providing vocational guidance.
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